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Amendments to the Constitution of the United States of America
The Bill of Rights
– PREAMBLE –Preamble to the Bill of Rights of the Constitution of the United States of America
Conventions of a number of States, having at the time of their adopting the Constitution,
expressed a desire, in order to prevent misconstruction or abuse of its powers, that further
declaratory and restrictive clauses should be added: And as extending the ground of
public confidence in the Government, will but ensure the beneficent ends of its institution.
RESOLVED...the following articles be ... part of the said Constitution;
Note: This preamble is not officially a part of the Constitution.
Articles in addition to, and amendments of, the Constitution of the United States of
America, proposed by Congress, and ratified by the Legislatures of the several States,
pursuant to the Fifth Article of the original Constitution.
Amendment I
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the
free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or the press; or the right of the
people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
Amendment II
(1791)
A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free State the right of the
people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.
Amendment III
(1791)
No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the
Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.
Amendment IV
(1791)
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against
unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but
upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the
place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
Amendment V
(1791)
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a
presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval
forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall
any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor
shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived
of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be
taken for public use, without just compensation.
Amendment VI
(1791)
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial,
by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been
committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be
informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses
against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have
the Assistance of Counsel for his defense.
Amendment VII
(1791)
In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the
right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise
reexamined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common
law.
Amendment VIII
(1791)
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual
punishments inflicted.
Amendment IX
(1791)
The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or
disparage others retained by the people.
Amendment X
(1791)
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to
the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.
Amendment XI
(1795)
The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law
or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of
another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State.
Amendment XII
(1804)
The Electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot for President and
Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with
themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in
distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists
of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and
of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit
sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the
Senate. – The President of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of
Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted; - The
person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the President, if such
number be a majority of the whole number of the Electors appointed; and if no person
have such a majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding
three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall
choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes
shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for
this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a
majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. [And if the House of
Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve
upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall
act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the
President.] The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the
Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed,
and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the
Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of
two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be
necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President
shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.
Amendment XIII
(1865)
Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime
whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or
any place subject to their jurisdiction.
Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Amendment XIV
(1868)
Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the
jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and the State wherein they reside.
No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities
of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or
property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the
equal protection of the laws.
Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to
their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding
Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for
President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the
Executive and Judicial officers of a State or the members of the Legislature thereof, is
denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and
citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion,
or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion
which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens
twenty-one years of age in such State.
Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of
President and Vice-President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United
States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of
Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or
as an executive or Judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United
States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or
comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House,
remove such disability
Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law,
including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing
insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any
State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or
rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any
slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.
Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the
provisions of this article.
Amendment XV
(1870)
Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or
abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous
condition of servitude.
Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate
legislation.
Amendment XVI
(1913)
The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on income, from whatever source
derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any
census or enumeration.
Amendment XVII
(1913)
The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State,
elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The
electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most
numerous branch of the State legislatures.
When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive
authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provide, That
the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary
appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct.
This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any
Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution.
Amendment XVIII
(1919)
Section 1. After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or
transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the
exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction
thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.
Section 2. The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce
this article by appropriate legislation.
Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an
amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the
Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by
the Congress.
Amendment XIX
(1920)
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the
United States or by any State on account of sex.
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Amendment XX
(1933)
Section 1. The terms of the President and Vice-President shall end at noon on the 20th
day of January, and the terms of senators and Representatives at noon on the 3rd day of
January, of the years in which such terms would have ended if this article had not been
ratified; and the terms of their successors shall then begin.
Section 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting
shall begin at noon on the 3rd day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different
day.
Section 3. If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the President, the
President elect shall have died, the Vice-President elect shall become President. If a
President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term,
or if the President elect shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice-President elect shall act
as President until a President shall have qualified; and the Congress may by law provide
for the case wherein neither a President elect nor a Vice-President elect shall have
qualified, declaring who then shall then act as President, or the manner in which one who
is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly until a President or
Vice-President shall have qualified.
Section 4. The Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any of the
persons from whom the House of Representatives may choose a President whenever the
right of choice shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of the death of any of the
persons from whom the Senate may choose a Vice-President whenever the right of
choice shall have devolved upon them.
Section 5. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of October following the
ratification of this article.
Section 6. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an
amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States
within seven years from the date of its submission.
Amendment XXI
(1933)
Section 1. The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is
hereby repealed.
Section 2. The transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or possession of the
United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws
thereof, is hereby prohibited.
Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an
amendment to the Constitution by conventions in the several States, as provided in the
Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by
the Congress.
Amendment XXII
(1951)
Section 1. No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and
no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two
years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the
office of President more than once. But this article shall not apply to any person holding
the office of President when this article was proposed by the Congress, and shall not
prevent any person who may be holding the office of President, or acting as President,
during the term within which this Article becomes operative from holding the office of
President or acting as President during the remainder of such term.
Section 2. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an
amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States
within seven years from the date of its sub- mission to the States by the Congress.
Amendment XXIII
(1961)
Section 1. The District constituting the seat of government of the United States shall
appoint in such manner as the Congress may direct:
A number of electors of President and Vice-President equal to the whole number of
Senators and Representatives in Congress to which the District would be entitled if it
were a State, but in no event more than the least populous State; they shall be in addition
to those appointed by the States, but they shall be considered, for the purposes of the
election of President and Vice-President, to be electors appointed by a State; and they
shall meet in the District and perform such duties as provided by the twelfth article of
amendment.
Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this amendment by appropriate
legislation.
Amendment XXIV
(1964)
Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other
election for President or Vice-President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress,
shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason of failure to
pay any poll tax or other tax.
Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this amendment by appropriate
legislation.
Amendment XXV
(1967)
Section 1. In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or
resignation, the Vice-President shall become President.
Section 2. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice-President, the President
shall nominate a Vice-President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority
vote of both Houses of Congress.
Section 3. Whenever the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate
and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that he is unable
to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a written
declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the
Vice-President as acting President.
Section 4. Whenever the Vice-President and a majority of either the principal officers of
the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide,
transmit to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of
Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the
powers and duties of his office, the Vice-President shall immediately assume the powers
and duties of the office as Acting President.
Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the senate
and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that no inability
exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of his office unless the Vice-President and a
majority of either the principal officers of the executive department or of such other body
as Congress may by law provide, transmit within four days to the President pro tempore
of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration
that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office. Thereupon,
Congress shall decide the issue, assembling within forty-eight hours for that purpose if
not in session. If the Congress, within twenty-one days after the receipt of the latter
written declaration, or, if Congress is not in session, within twenty-one days after
Congress is required to assemble, determines by two-thirds vote of both Houses that the
President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice-President
shall continue to discharge the same as Acting President; otherwise, the President shall
resume the powers and duties of his office.
Amendment XXVI
(1971)
Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States, who are eighteen years of age or
older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on
account of age.
Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate
legislation.
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